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The following application notes are available for more technical information about specific uses and applications:
They describe the applications and theory of operation of the instruments, and discuss their functions and features in the context of actual use.
The DL Instruments Technotes are in Adobe PDF ( Portable Document Format ).
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IAN 23 "The Heterodyning Lock-In Amplifier"
IAN 35 "The Evolution of the Modern Lock-In Amplifier
IAN 36 "Digital Techniques for Random Noise Measurement with Lock-In Amplifiers"
IAN 37 "Applications for 220 Series Choppers"
IAN 38 "Method for Lock-In Amplifier Noise Measurement Using Digital Integration"
IAN 41 "Lock-In Amplifier Digital Techniques for D* Signal-to-Noise Characterization of Infrared Detectors"
IAN 43 "Chopper Jitter Measurement and Effects"
IAN 46 "Sensitivity Specmanship in Lock-In Amplifiers"
IAN 47 "Introduction to Lock-In Amplifiers"
IAN 49 "Speed/Accuracy Tradeoff When Using a Lock-In Amplifier to Measure Signal in the Presence of Random Noise"
IAN 50 "Noise Analysis and Gain Considerations in Selecting the Right Current Preamplifier"
IAN 51 "Making Ratio Measurements - The Right Way"
IAN 52 "Applying Lock-In Amplifiers to the Measurement of Superconductor Resistances and Ta"
IAN 55 "Applying the Model 1211 Current Preamplifier to Tunneling Microscopy"
IAN 101 "Phase and Amplifier Response of a Variable Electronic Filter"
IAN 102 "Measuring Noise Spectra with Variable Electronic Filters"
IPB 0121 "Noise Performance of Vector Sum Lock-In Amplifiers"
IPB 0132 "Comparison of DL Models 1211 and 1212 Current Preamplifiers"
IPB 0134 "Model 565 Preamplifier Transformer Input Characteristics"
Reprint: "Digital Lock-In Techniques for IR Detector and Fiber Optic Testing"
Reprint: "Digital Lock-In Amplifiers Minimize Noise and Distortion"